With the right approaches, a project is conceived with high resilience value, and it is maintained or strengthened throughout its development.

But with outdated approaches and tools, resilience value may erode over time as a project moves forward.

Or sometimes a project is poorly conceived from the start.

"In terms of weak links some work that we've recently conducted around innovation in policy rather than technology has highlighted community engagement as a priority for development of new tools and approaches. We've seen many local governments make declarations of climate emergencies and that's then led to an urgent need to prioritize responses on both emissions reduction and on resilience. We've seen mechanisms like citizen’s panels and citizen’s juries and other bodies of that nature being brought together by local government to deliver real participative decision making and to engage citizens in also thinking about and project prioritization."

"Climate impacts and climate resilience are new concepts. They are an unfamiliar source of risk and opportunity in finance and so it's difficult to tell how big the risks and opportunities are relative to other maybe better known risks and how they're interacting. A big investment like say a new hydropower facility, a water treatment plant, investing in a new factory – those areas that should be familiar risks to us in most cases from an investment perspective and climate change makes them unfamiliar."

"If we're involved at later stages then our impact is very much on the margins. When we're in the discussions as to how to meet a community need, we can more broadly influence the actual design of the project. Having engineers and infrastructure professionals involved in the development of the procurement documents so that they understand how the community interprets sustainability, so that professionals can influence the definition, so that they truly address the triple bottom line. Often consultants are involved later on after the procurement has been decided, which is natural but we as professionals need to step up and be involved, offer our support and services - even pro bono - early on so that we can introduce innovation."

"I think that we tend naturally to repeat what we know and in particular the success that we've had. Infrastructure has delivered an enormous amount of benefits and wealth, but this habit of repeating what we know constrains the capture of different knowledge and the capture of experience, for example from deep-rooted communities. So that that feeds into the need to seek into a more open and creative way of looking at options and appraising those options."